The planned increases in NMC 811 energy density brings it to levels higher than the current Tesla/Panasonic NCA batteries used in the Model S and X. Argonne has licensed its patent to BASF and 3M has made agreements with Johnson Matthey. NMC chemistry patents have come from Michael Thackeray at Argonne and from Jeff Dahn working with 3M. Other researchers have also noted improvement in NMC characteristics with the addition of aluminum. If you want to get into some weeds, check out the various charts below. That indicates a cell cycle life of over 4000 cycles. These improvements have shown increased cycle life and he states that cells show only 5% capacity reduction after 1200 cycles. Jeff Dahn of Dalhousie University has shown NMC improvements in a relatively fresh video. Companies have switched from NMC 111 to NMC 442 to NMC 622, and now NMC 811 is slated for introduction in the next two years. Researchers are targeting 250 Wh/kg and beyond for long-range electric vehicles using nickel-rich cathodes to increase energy density, while reduction in cobalt is also helpful since it lowers costs. The effect is noted in the triangle diagram above. The relative amounts of those elements determines the characteristics of the battery. NMC 111 means equal parts nickel, manganese, and cobalt. As NMC has recently gained improved energy density, however, it is now poised to be used more frequently in long-range EVs. NMC has been used for high-lifecycle uses like Tesla’s utility storage products. Up until now, Tesla has used NCA cell chemistry for its long-range vehicles. Often, lithium is dropped from the designation. Lithium chemistries are assigned names like NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), or LiFePO (Lithium Iron Phosphorus) to distinguish one another.
Later, oxides of nickel, manganese, and iron were used. The first successful lithium batteries used a lithium-cobalt-oxide chemistry, often just called a lithium battery or LiCo. Lithium batteries are characterized by the chemistry used in the cathode. The trend toward long-range electric vehicles has motivated researchers to find ways to improve existing battery cell chemistries.
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